‘Break in the chain’: Fall of Assad deals blow to Iran’s global ‘Axis of Resistance’
With Hamas and Hezbollah seriously weakened by Israel over the past year, the ousting of Syria’s president leaves Tehran’s bid for regional hegemony on shakier ground
MANAMA, Bahrain — For Iran’s theocratic government, it keeps getting worse.
Its decades-long strategy of building an “Axis of Resistance,” supporting terror groups and proxies around the region, is falling apart. First came the crushing Israeli campaign in Gaza triggered by the October 7, 2023, invasion and slaughter in southern Israel by the Iranian-backed Hamas.
That war spawned another in Lebanon, where Israel has pummeled Iran’s most powerful ally, Hezbollah — following its year of rocket fire on northern Israel, which it began unprovoked a day after the Hamas attack — until a shaky ceasefire took effect late last month. For the first time, Israel even openly struck inside of Iran, after Tehran launched two separate ballistic missile and drone attacks on Israel, in April and October.
Now Iran’s longtime stalwart ally and client in Syria, president Bashar al-Assad, is gone. As dawn broke Sunday, rebel forces completed a lightning offensive by seizing the ancient capital of Damascus and tearing down symbols of more than 50 years of Assad’s rule over the Mideast crossroads.
Ali Akbar Velayati, a key adviser to Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, once called Assad and Syria “the golden ring of the resistance chain in the region.”
“Without the Syrian government, this chain will break and the resistance against Israel and its supporters will be weakened,” he said.
That break in the chain is literal. Syria was an important geographical link that allowed Iran to move weapons and other supplies to Hezbollah in Lebanon. Its loss now further weakens Hezbollah, whose powerful arsenal in southern Lebanon had put Iranian influence directly on the border of its nemesis, Israel.
Iran, Hezbollah and Hamas are all avowedly determined to destroy Israel. Assad, unlike his father Hafez, did not even contemplate ending Syria’s state of war with it.
“Iran’s deterrence thinking is really shattered by events in Gaza, by events in Lebanon, and definitely by developments in Syria,” a United Arab Emirates senior diplomat, Anwar Gargash, said at the International Institute for Strategic Studies’ Manama Dialogue in Bahrain.
Iran still holds the card of its nuclear program. Though it denies that intention, it can use the potential for building a weapons capability to cast a shadow of influence in the region. And US intel officials fear it may indeed now seek to break out to the bomb.
A dramatic reversal
Only a few years ago, the Islamic Republic loomed ascendant across the wider Middle East. Its “Axis of Resistance” was at a zenith.
Hezbollah in Lebanon stood stalwart against Israel. Assad appeared to have weathered an Arab Spring uprising-turned-civil war. Iraqi insurgents killed US troops with Iranian-designed roadside bombs. Yemen’s Houthi rebels fought a Saudi-led coalition to a stalemate.
Syria, at the crossroads, played a vital role.
Early in Syria’s civil war, when it appeared that Assad might be overthrown, Iran and its ally, Hezbollah, rushed fighters to support him — in the name of defending Shiite shrines in Syria. Russia later joined with a scorched earth campaign of airstrikes.
The campaign won back territory, even as Syria remained divided into zones of government and insurgent control.
But the speed of Assad’s collapse the past week showed just how reliant he was on support from Iran and Russia – which at the crucial moment did not come.
Russia remains mired years after launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. For Iran, international sanctions over its advancing nuclear program have ground down its economy.
For Israel, breaking Iran’s regional network has been a major goal, though it is wary of jihadi fighters among the insurgents who toppled Assad. Israel on Sunday moved troops into a demilitarized buffer zone along its border with Syria in what it called a temporary security measure.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called Assad’s fall a “historic day,” saying it was “the direct result of our forceful action against Hezbollah and Iran, Assad’s main supporters.”
Iran’s theocratic rulers long touted their regional network to Iranians as a show of their country’s strength, and its crumbling could raise repercussions at home — though there is no immediate sign of their hold weakening. Anger about the tens of billions of dollars Iran is believed to have spent propping up Assad was a rallying cry in rounds of nationwide anti-government protests that broke out over recent years, most recently in 2022.
How Iran could respond
The loss of Syria does not mean the end of Iran’s ability to project power in the Mideast. The Houthi rebels in Yemen continue to launch attacks on Israel and on ships moving through the Red Sea — though the tempo of their attacks have again fallen, without a clear explanation from their leadership.
Iran also maintains its nuclear program. While insisting it enriches uranium for peaceful purposes, Western intelligence agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency say Iran had an organized nuclear weapons program until 2003.
The head of the IAEA warned Friday that Iran is poised to “quite dramatically” increase its stockpile of near weapons-grade uranium, as it has started cascades of advanced centrifuges.
“If Iran would develop nuclear weapons, that would be a great blow to the international nonproliferation regime,” said Thanos Dokos, Greece’s national security adviser, in Bahrain.
There remains a risk of wider attacks in the region, particularly on oil infrastructure. An attack in 2019, initially claimed by the Houthis, but later assessed by experts to have been carried out by Iran, temporarily halved Saudi Arabia’s production of oil.
“If, as a result of escalation, there are attacks against the energy infrastructure of Iran or Saudi Arabia, that would be bad news for the global oil supply,” Dokos warned.
