The New York Times details how the Biden administration sought to advance a normalization agreement between Israel and Saudi Arabia in the spring and summer of 2024, hoping that such a prized agreement would convince Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to end the war in Gaza.
While Netanyahu initially appeared on board with the idea and revived a truce proposal in May that he had shelved a month earlier due to pushback from his far-right coalition partners, by the end of July, he added new demands for a Gaza truce that torpedoed the negotiations, the NYT reports.
The renewed US effort to broker an Israel-Saudi deal began on May 18, 2024, when then-US national security adviser Jake Sullivan traveled to Dammam in eastern Saudi Arabia to meet Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.
Even though hostility toward Israel was peaking in the Arab world due to the brutal war in Gaza, bin Salman arrived at his meeting with Sullivan determined to advance a series of agreements with the US that would include an Israel normalization deal.
“Let’s finish this,” the NYT quotes him as having told Sullivan at the time.
The US and Saudi teams made significant progress on the bilateral security, economic and energy-related agreements with the US, with many of the outstanding issues resolved.
Palestinian children sit amid the destruction in the aftermath of an Israeli strike in the Bureij refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip on July 10, 2025. (Eyad BABA / AFP)
The main obstacle left was buy-in from Netanyahu, who Saudi Arabia wanted to end the war in Gaza and agree to establish a pathway to a future Palestinian state.
On May 19, Sullivan flew from Saudi Arabia to Israel in order to convey the message to Netanyahu. The premier initially responded positively to the US initiative, and on May 22, approved the truce plan that he had decided not to even present a month earlier due to a threat from Smotrich to collapse the government.
On May 27, the Israeli proposal was sent to Egyptian and Qatari mediators, who were enthusiastic about the chances for a deal.
Four days later, then-US president Joe Biden gave a speech publicizing the key details of the proposal and urging Hamas to accept it.
But the deal didn’t guarantee that the temporary truce offered by Israel would turn permanent and Hamas dragged its feet for over a month.
Still enticed by the prospect of a Saudi normalization deal, Netanyahu authorized Strategic Affairs Minister Ron Dermer to hold secret talks with UAE Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed about the post-war management of Gaza — something he had been refusing to do for over six months due to concerns that it risked collapsing his government.
In early July, Hamas agreed to soften its position, forgoing its demand for an up-front Israeli commitment for a permanent ceasefire, thereby opening a window for an agreement.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, left, and newly reinstated National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir in the Knesset plenum in Jerusalem, March 19, 2025. (Yonatan Sindel/Flash90)
“We may have a deal,” Netanyahu told Dermer at the time, according to the NYT.
But far-right National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir got wind of the development and rushed to try and thwart it. He tried to burst into Netanyahu’s Jerusalem office in order to speak his mind, but the premier wouldn’t allow him in. Ben Gvir was resigned to issuing a tweet condemning the “reckless deal,” adding that he was “working to ensure the prime minister has the strength not to fold.”
On July 28, a summit was held at the residence of Qatar’s ambassador to Italy in order to finalize the agreement, with Mossad chief David Barnea, CIA chief Bill Burns, Qatari Prime Minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman al-Thani and Egyptian intel chief Abbas Kamel in attendance.
While the other participants arrived thinking that a deal was on the verge of being reached, a “sheepish and apologetic” Barnea instead handed the mediators a copy of a letter detailing six new demands from Netanyahu that derailed the process, NYT reports.
The demands included one for Israel to remain in the Philadelphi Corridor border stretch between Gaza and Egypt. While Israel’s security establishment had maintained that continued IDF presence there was not essential and could be quickly restored if need be, Netanyahu decided to turn the issue into a key sticking point in the talks.
US anger at Netanyahu peaked during an August 1 phone call that Biden held with the Israeli premier.
“Stop bullshitting me,” NYT quotes Biden as having told Netanyahu.